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exist in specified way

  • 1 live

    I
    1. liv verb
    1) (to have life; to be alive: This poison is dangerous to everything that lives.) vivir
    2) (to survive: The doctors say he is very ill, but they think he will live; It was difficult to believe that she had lived through such an experience.) sobrevivir
    3) (to have one's home or dwelling (in a particular place): She lives next to the church; They went to live in Bristol / in a huge house.) vivir
    4) (to pass (one's life): He lived a life of luxury; She lives in fear of being attacked.) vivir
    5) ((with by) to make enough money etc to feed and house oneself: He lives by fishing.) vivir de
    •
    - - lived
    - living
    2. noun
    (the money etc needed to feed and house oneself and keep oneself alive: He earns his living driving a taxi; She makes a good living as an author.) medio de vida, sustento
    - live-in
    - live and let live
    - live down
    - live in
    - out
    - live on
    - live up to
    - within living memory
    - in living memory
    II
    1.
    adjective
    1) (having life; not dead: a live mouse.) vivo
    2) ((of a radio or television broadcast etc) heard or seen as the event takes place; not recorded: I watched a live performance of my favourite opera on television; Was the performance live or recorded?) en directo
    3) (full of energy, and capable of becoming active: a live bomb) activo, vivo
    4) (burning: a live coal.) candente

    2. adverb
    ((of a radio or television broadcast etc) as the event takes place: The competition will be broadcast live.) en directo
    - liveliness
    - livestock
    - live wire
    live1 adj
    1. vivo
    2. en directo / en vivo
    live2 vb
    1. vivir
    where do you live? ¿dónde vives?
    2. alimentarse
    3. sobrevivir / existir
    tr[laɪv]
    1 (not dead) vivo,-a
    2 (still burning) vivo,-a, candente; (issue) candente
    3 (ammunition) real; (bomb) sin explotar
    4 SMALLELECTRICITY/SMALL con corriente
    5 (broadcast) en directo
    1 en directo, en vivo
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    live wire cable nombre masculino vivo 2 (person) nervio, torbellino
    ————————
    tr[lɪv]
    1 vivir
    1 vivir
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to live and learn vivir para ver
    to live and let live vivir y dejar vivir
    to live by one's wits vivir del ingenio
    to live in sin vivir en el pecado
    to live in style familiar vivir a lo grande
    to live it up familiar pasárselo bomba
    to live out of a suitcase familiar ir de hotel en hotel
    to live out of cans familiar vivir (a base) de latas
    live ['lɪv] vi, lived ; living
    1) exist: vivir
    as long as I live: mientras viva
    to live from day to day: vivir al día
    2) : llevar una vida, vivir
    he lived simply: llevó una vida sencilla
    3) subsist: mantenerse, vivir
    4) reside: vivir, residir
    live ['laɪv] adj
    1) living: vivo
    2) burning: encendido
    a live coal: una brasa
    3) : con corriente
    live wires: cables con corriente
    4) : cargado, sin estallar
    a live bomb: una bomba sin estallar
    5) current: de actualidad
    a live issue: un asunto de actualidad
    6) : en vivo, en directo
    a live interview: una entrevista en vivo
    adj.
    • en vivo adj.
    adj.
    • de actualidad adj.
    • en directo adj.
    • encendido, -a adj.
    • vivo, -a adj.
    v.
    • anidar v.
    • habitar v.
    • morar v.
    • vivir v.

    I
    1. lɪv
    1)
    a) (be, remain alive) vivir

    (for) as long as I live — mientras viva, toda la vida

    you'll live — (colloq) no te vas a morir (fam)

    you live and learn — (set phrase) todos los días se aprende algo nuevo

    live and let live — (set phrase) vive y deja vivir a los demás

    b) ( experience life) vivir

    never eaten paella? you haven't lived! — ¿no has comido nunca una paella? pues no sabes lo que te pierdes or lo que es bueno!

    2)
    a) ( conduct one's life) vivir

    to live like a king o lord — vivir a cuerpo de rey

    b) ( support oneself) vivir
    3)
    a) ( reside) vivir

    where do you live? — ¿donde vives?

    b) ( belong) (esp BrE colloq) ir*

    where do these dishes live? — ¿dónde van estos platos?


    2.
    vt

    she lives a happy life — lleva una vida feliz, vive feliz

    Phrasal Verbs:

    II laɪv
    1) ( alive) vivo

    wow, a real live princess! — uy, una princesa de verdad or de carne y hueso!

    2) ( of current interest) < issue> candente, de actualidad
    3) (Rad, TV)
    4)
    a) ( Mil)

    live bomb — bomba f que no ha estallado

    b) ( Elec) <circuit/terminal> con corriente, cargado
    c) ( on fire) encendido

    III laɪv
    adverb (Rad, TV) < broadcast> en directo, en vivo

    I [lɪv]
    1. VI
    1) (=exist) vivir

    the times we live in — los tiempos en que vivimos, los tiempos que corremos

    • to live in fear — vivir atemorizado

    she lives in fear of her life/that she may be found out — vive temiendo por su vida/que la descubran

    • to live for sth, I'm living for the day (when) I retire — vivo esperando a que llegue el día en que me jubile

    to live for today or the moment — vivir al día

    - live and let live
    hand 1., 1), happily, hope 1., 1), long I, 2., 1) shadow 1., 1), style 1., 4)
    2) (=survive)

    you'll live! hum — ¡de esta no te mueres! hum

    he lived to a ripe old age/to be 103 — llegó a viejo/a cumplir 103 años

    regret 2., 2)
    3) (=conduct o.s.) vivir

    • she lives by her own rules — vive según sus propias normas

    • to live modestly/ well — vivir modestamente/bien

    - live like a king or a lord
    dangerously, sin 1.
    4) (=earn one's living) vivir
    pen I, 1., wit I, 1)
    5) (=reside) vivir

    where do you live? — ¿dónde vives?

    to live in a flat/in London — vivir en un piso/en Londres

    • this house isn't fit to live in — esta casa está en pésimas condiciones

    6) (Brit) * (=go, belong) ir, guardarse

    where does the teapot live? — ¿dónde va or se guarda la tetera?

    7) (=enjoy life)

    let's live a little! * — ¡vivamos la vida un poquito! *

    if you've never been to an opera, you haven't lived * — si no has ido nunca a la ópera no sabes lo qué es vivir

    2. VT
    1) [+ life] (gen) vivir; (in particular way) llevar

    to live a life of luxury/crime — llevar una vida de lujos/de delincuencia

    2) (Theat)

    II [laɪv]
    1. ADJ
    1) (=living) [animal, person] vivo

    9.1 deaths per thousand live births — 9,1 muertes por cada mil bebés nacidos vivos

    2) (=topical) [issue] de actualidad, candente
    3) (Rad, TV) [broadcast, coverage] en vivo, en directo; [performance, show, recording] en vivo
    4) (=not blank) [shell, ammunition] cargado; [bomb] sin explotar
    5) (=still burning) [coal] encendido, prendido (LAm)
    6) (Elec) [cable, wire, appliance] conectado, con corriente

    is this cable live? — ¿está conectado or tiene corriente este cable?

    2. ADV
    1) (Rad, TV) en vivo, en directo

    here, live from New York, is our reporter Malcolm McDonald — aquí tenemos a nuestro corresponsal Malcolm McDonald que nos habla en directo desde Nueva York

    2)

    to go live — (=come into operation) entrar en funcionamiento

    3.
    CPD

    live bait N — (Fishing) cebo m vivo

    live coal N — brasa f, ascua f

    live export N — [of livestock] exportación f en pie

    live oak N — roble m de Virginia

    live rail N — raíl m electrizado

    live weight N — [of livestock] peso m en pie

    live wire N — (Elec) alambre m conectado, alambre m con corriente; (fig) * torbellino * m

    he's a real live wire! — ¡es un torbellino! *, ¡tiene mucha marcha! *

    live yoghurt N — yogur m con biocultivos

    * * *

    I
    1. [lɪv]
    1)
    a) (be, remain alive) vivir

    (for) as long as I live — mientras viva, toda la vida

    you'll live — (colloq) no te vas a morir (fam)

    you live and learn — (set phrase) todos los días se aprende algo nuevo

    live and let live — (set phrase) vive y deja vivir a los demás

    b) ( experience life) vivir

    never eaten paella? you haven't lived! — ¿no has comido nunca una paella? pues no sabes lo que te pierdes or lo que es bueno!

    2)
    a) ( conduct one's life) vivir

    to live like a king o lord — vivir a cuerpo de rey

    b) ( support oneself) vivir
    3)
    a) ( reside) vivir

    where do you live? — ¿donde vives?

    b) ( belong) (esp BrE colloq) ir*

    where do these dishes live? — ¿dónde van estos platos?


    2.
    vt

    she lives a happy life — lleva una vida feliz, vive feliz

    Phrasal Verbs:

    II [laɪv]
    1) ( alive) vivo

    wow, a real live princess! — uy, una princesa de verdad or de carne y hueso!

    2) ( of current interest) < issue> candente, de actualidad
    3) (Rad, TV)
    4)
    a) ( Mil)

    live bomb — bomba f que no ha estallado

    b) ( Elec) <circuit/terminal> con corriente, cargado
    c) ( on fire) encendido

    III [laɪv]
    adverb (Rad, TV) < broadcast> en directo, en vivo

    English-spanish dictionary > live

  • 2 durmak

    ,-ur 1. to stop. 2. to last, continue to exist, endure. 3. to continue to be in one´s possession, exist as a possession, to (still) have. 4. to stand without doing anything. 5. /da/ to be or remain (at a place). 6. to continue to be (in a specified condition). 7. to suit, go, appear, look. 8. to behave (in a specified way). Dur! Stop!/Wait! durup dinlenmeden without a break, continuously. durdu durdu da after having postponed the matter again and again: Durdu durdu da en iyisini buldu. He waited a long time but finally he got the best one. durup dururken 1. suddenly. 2. with no reason, without provocation. 3. while there was no need for it. Dur durak/dinlen/otur yok. colloq. There is not a moment´s peace. durduğu yerde 1. without making any effort. 2. for no good reason. 3. without having done anything wrong.

    Saja Türkçe - İngilizce Sözlük > durmak

  • 3 live

    Ⅰ.
    live1 [lɪv]
    vivre ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (d), 1 (f), 2 habiter ⇒ 1 (c) se nourrir ⇒ 1 (e)
    ∎ plants need oxygen to live les plantes ont besoin d'oxygène pour vivre;
    ∎ as long as I live tant que je vivrai, de mon vivant;
    ∎ was she still living when her grandson was born? est-ce qu'elle était encore en vie quand son petit-fils est né?;
    ∎ he hasn't long to live il ne lui reste pas beaucoup de temps à vivre;
    ∎ she didn't live long after her son died elle n'a pas survécu longtemps à son fils;
    ∎ the doctors think she'll live les médecins pensent qu'elle vivra;
    ∎ ironic you'll live! tu n'en mourras pas!;
    ∎ I won't live to see them grow up je ne vivrai pas assez vieux pour les voir grandir;
    ∎ she'll live to be 100 elle vivra jusqu'à 100 ans, elle sera centenaire;
    ∎ we live in interesting times nous vivons une époque intéressante;
    ∎ to live on borrowed time être en sursis;
    ∎ to live to a ripe old age vivre vieux ou jusqu'à un âge avancé;
    ∎ figurative the dialogue is what makes the characters live ce sont les dialogues qui donnent de la vie aux personnages;
    ∎ your words will live in our hearts/memories vos paroles resteront à jamais dans nos cœurs/notre mémoire
    ∎ to live dangerously vivre dangereusement;
    ∎ familiar go on, live dangerously! allez, vas-y, on n'a qu'une vie!;
    ∎ to live well vivre bien;
    ∎ they lived happily ever after ils vécurent heureux jusqu'à la fin de leurs jours;
    ∎ he lives by the rules il mène une vie bien rangée;
    ∎ the rules we all live by les règles auxquelles nous nous plions tous;
    ∎ she lives for her children/for skiing elle ne vit que pour ses enfants/que pour le ski;
    ∎ he lived for music il ne vivait que pour la musique;
    ∎ we're living for the day we emigrate nous vivons dans l'attente du jour où nous émigrerons;
    ∎ she was living for the chance of revenge la perspective de vengeance était sa raison de vivre;
    ∎ to live in poverty/luxury vivre dans la pauvreté/le luxe;
    ∎ to live in fear vivre dans la peur;
    ∎ he lives in the past il vit dans le passé;
    ∎ we live in uncertain times nous vivons une époque incertaine;
    ∎ humorous he lives in that shirt! il a cette chemise sur le dos en permanence!;
    ∎ proverb live and let live! = il faut savoir faire preuve de tolérance!;
    ∎ well, you live and learn! on en apprend tous les jours!
    (c) (reside) habiter;
    ∎ where does she live? où habite-t-elle?;
    ∎ they have nowhere to live ils sont à la rue;
    ∎ the giant tortoise lives mainly in the Galapagos la tortue géante vit surtout aux Galapagos;
    ∎ they live in Rome ils habitent (à) Rome, ils vivent à Rome;
    ∎ I lived in France for a year j'ai vécu en France pendant un an;
    ∎ to live in a flat/a castle habiter (dans) un appartement/un château;
    ∎ she lives in a fifth-floor flat elle vit dans un appartement au cinquième étage;
    ∎ to live at Number 10 habiter au numéro 10;
    ∎ to live in the town/country habiter ou vivre en ville/à la campagne;
    ∎ I live in or on Bank Street j'habite Bank Street;
    ∎ they live in or on my street ils habitent (dans) ma rue;
    ∎ to live on the street être à la rue;
    ∎ she lives on the ground floor elle habite au rez-de-chaussée;
    ∎ he practically lives in or at the library il passe sa vie à la bibliothèque;
    ∎ do you live with your parents? habitez-vous chez vos parents?;
    ∎ old-fashioned or humorous to live in sin (with sb) vivre dans le péché (avec qn)
    ∎ they don't earn enough to live ils ne gagnent pas de quoi vivre;
    ∎ he lives by teaching il gagne sa vie en enseignant;
    ∎ the tribe lives by hunting la tribu vit de la chasse
    (e) (obtain food) se nourrir;
    ∎ we've been living out of cans or tins lately on se nourrit de conserves depuis quelque temps;
    ∎ he was reduced to living out of rubbish bins il en était réduit à fouiller les poubelles pour se nourrir
    (f) (exist fully, intensely) vivre;
    ∎ she really knows how to live elle sait vraiment profiter de la vie;
    ∎ let's live for the moment or for today! vivons l'instant présent!;
    ∎ I want to live a little je veux profiter de la vie;
    ∎ if you haven't been to New York, you haven't lived! si tu n'es jamais allé à New York, tu n'as rien vu!
    vivre;
    ∎ to live a life of poverty vivre dans la pauvreté;
    ∎ to live a life of luxury mener la grande vie;
    ∎ to live a solitary life mener une vie solitaire;
    ∎ to live a lie être dans une situation fausse;
    ∎ she lived the life of a film star for six years elle a vécu comme une star de cinéma pendant six ans;
    ∎ familiar to live it up faire la fête;
    ∎ my father lives and breathes golf mon père ne vit que pour le golf
    (recover from → error, disgrace, ridicule)
    ∎ they'll never let him live that down ils ne lui passeront ou pardonneront jamais cela;
    ∎ if I forget her birthday, I'll never live it down! si j'oublie son anniversaire, elle ne me le pardonnera jamais!;
    ∎ you'll never live this down! tu n'as pas fini d'en entendre parler!
    (a) (servant) être logé et nourri; (worker, nurse) être logé ou habiter sur place;
    ∎ all their farm hands live in tous leurs ouvriers agricoles sont logés sur place
    (b) (pupil) être interne
    (a) (sponge off) vivre aux crochets de;
    ∎ he lives off his parents il vit aux crochets de ses parents
    (b) (savings) vivre de; (nuts, berries) se nourrir de;
    ∎ they live off the fruit of other people's labours ils vivent du produit du travail d'autrui;
    ∎ to live off the land vivre de la terre
    ➲ live on
    (person) continuer à vivre; (custom, ideal) persister;
    ∎ she lived on to the end in the same house elle a vécu dans la même maison jusqu'à sa mort;
    ∎ his memory lives on son souvenir est encore vivant
    (a) (food) vivre de, se nourrir de;
    ∎ to live on fruit and vegetables vivre de fruits et de légumes
    (b) (salary) vivre de;
    ∎ it's not enough to live on ce n'est pas suffisant pour vivre;
    ∎ to earn enough to live on gagner de quoi vivre;
    ∎ how does she live on that salary? comment s'en sort-elle avec ce salaire?;
    ∎ his pension is all they have to live on ils n'ont que sa retraite pour vivre;
    ∎ to live on $800 a month vivre avec 800 dollars par mois
    ∎ to live on one's wits vivre d'expédients;
    ∎ to live on one's name vivre sur sa réputation
    (a) (spend) passer;
    ∎ she lived out the rest of her life in Spain elle a passé le reste de sa vie en Espagne
    (b) (fulfil) vivre;
    ∎ he lived out his destiny sa destinée s'est accomplie, il a suivi son destin;
    ∎ to live out one's fantasies réaliser ses rêves
    ∎ the maid lives out la bonne ne loge pas sur place;
    ∎ he studies here but lives out il est étudiant ici mais il n'habite pas sur le campus
    ∎ they live out of tins ils ne mangent que des conserves
    (experience → war, hard times etc) vivre, connaître; (survive → war, drought) survivre à;
    ∎ they've lived through war and famine ils ont connu la guerre et la famine;
    ∎ he's unlikely to live through the winter il est peu vraisemblable qu'il passe l'hiver
    (as a couple) vivre ensemble, cohabiter
    (name, reputation) se montrer à la hauteur de; (expectation) être ou se montrer à la hauteur de, répondre à;
    ∎ we have a reputation to live up to! nous avons une réputation à défendre!;
    ∎ it's too much for me to live up to on m'en demande trop;
    ∎ the holiday didn't live up to our expectations les vacances n'étaient pas à la hauteur de nos espérances
    (a) (cohabit with) vivre avec;
    ∎ she lived with him for a couple of years before they got married elle a vécu avec lui pendant quelques années avant qu'ils se marient
    ∎ she's not easy to live with elle n'est pas facile à vivre;
    ∎ I don't like the situation, but I have to live with it cette situation ne me plaît pas, mais je n'ai pas le choix;
    ∎ I couldn't live with myself if I didn't tell him the truth je ne supporterais pas de ne pas lui dire la vérité;
    ∎ you'll always live with the guilt la culpabilité vous poursuivra toute la vie;
    ∎ it's not ideal but I can live with it ce n'est pas l'idéal mais je m'y ferai
    ✾ Book ✾ Film 'You only live twice' Fleming, Gilbert 'On ne vit que deux fois'
    ⓘ To live fast, die young and leave a beautiful corpse À l'origine, cette phrase provient du titre d'un film de 1949 mis en scène par Nicholas Ray intitulé Knock on Any Door ("Les Ruelles du malheur"), dont le personnage principal, un marginal joué par John Derek, voulait "vivre vite, mourir jeune et laisser un beau cadavre". Aujourd'hui cette formule est davantage associée aux personnages de rebelles qu'incarnaient James Dean et d'autres jeunes acteurs des années 50 et 60, et à la vie trépidante qu'ils menaient dans la réalité. Cette formule est généralement utilisée dans sa version tronquée ( live fast and die young) pour faire référence à un style de vie débridé. On dira par exemple I don't like these modern pop stars and their live fast, die young attitude ("je n'aime pas les vedettes de la musique pop d'aujourd'hui qui ne pensent qu'à s'amuser sans jamais penser aux conséquences").
    Ⅱ.
    live2 [laɪv]
    (a) (alive → animal, person) vivant;
    ∎ the live weight of the animal le poids de l'animal sur pied;
    ∎ they feed the snakes on live mice ils nourrissent les serpents de souris vivantes;
    ∎ familiar a real live cowboy un cow-boy, un vrai de vrai
    (b) Music, Radio & Television (programme, interview, concert) en direct;
    ∎ live pictures from Mars des images en direct de Mars;
    ∎ Sinatra live at the Palladium Sinatra en concert au Palladium;
    ∎ recorded before a live audience enregistré en public
    (c) Electricity (connected) sous tension
    (d) Technology (load) roulant, mobile
    (e) (unexploded) non explosé
    (f) (still burning → coals, embers) ardent
    (g) (not extinct → volcano) actif
    (h) (controversial) controversé;
    ∎ a live issue un sujet controversé
    en direct;
    ∎ to perform live (singer, group) chanter en direct;
    ∎ they've never performed live ils n'ont jamais fait de scène;
    ∎ the match can be seen/is going out live at 3.30 p.m. on peut suivre le match/le match est diffusé en direct à 15 heures 30;
    ∎ the show comes live from New York City le spectacle nous arrive en direct de New York
    ►► live ammunition balles fpl réelles;
    Technology live axle essieu m moteur, pont m;
    live births naissances fpl viables;
    Computing live cam caméra f Internet;
    Electricity live circuit circuit m alimenté ou sous tension;
    live entertainment spectacle m; (broadcast) spectacles mpl en direct;
    ∎ nobody goes to see live entertainment any more plus personne ne va au spectacle de nos jours;
    ∎ the theatre and other forms of live entertainment le théâtre et autres formes de divertissement;
    live music musique f live;
    live oak chêne m vert;
    American familiar live one (dupe) poire f, pigeon m;
    live recording enregistrement m live ou public;
    Electricity live wire fil m sous tension;
    ∎ familiar figurative she's a real live wire elle déborde d'énergie□ ;
    Cookery live yoghurt yaourt m actif

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > live

  • 4 С-6

    CAM ПО СЕБЕ AdjP fixed WO
    1. ( usu. modif) (of a person, thing, phenomenon etc) considered as a separate entity, with a focus on his or its intrinsic qualities, apart from related circumstances, events etc
    in (and of) oneself (itself)
    (in limited contexts) in one's (its) own right (when it modif ies a deverbal noun or a clause) the very fact of (doing sth.) the mere fact that... Мне было неловко видеть её (бабушки) печаль при свидании с нами я сознавал, что мы сами по себе ничто в её глазах, что мы ей дороги только как воспоминание... (Толстой 2). I was embarrassed to see her (Grandmother's) sorrow at the sight of us
    I realized that in ourselves we were nothing in her eyes, that we were dear to her only as a reminder... (2b).
    «Сама по себе затея написать книжку о выдающемся деятеле шестидесятых годов ничего предосудительного в себе не содержит» (Набоков 1). "In itself the idea of writing a book about an outstanding public figure of the sixties contains nothing reprehensible" (1a).
    Для Анны Николаевны пролетарская этика была священна сама по себе... (Богданов 1). То Anna Nikolaevna, proletarian ethics were sacred in and of themselves... (1a).
    В конце концов я узнал, что Иванько Сергей Сергеевич, 1925 года рождения: а) родственник бывшего председателя КГБ Семичастного б) ближайший друг бывшего представителя СССР в Организации Объединённых Наций... Николая Т. Федоренко в) сам по себе тоже большая шишка (Войнович 3). In the end, I learned that Ivanko, Sergei Sergeevich, born 1925, was: a. A relative of the former director of the KGB, Semichastny. b. A close friend of Nikolai T. Fedorenko, the former Soviet representative to the United Nations... c. A big shot in his own right (3a).
    На избирательных участках стоят, правда, задёрнутые шторами кабинки для «тайного» голосования... но даже сам по себе заход в эту кабинку будет кем-нибудь отмечен, и в досье совершившего этот «антиобщественный» поступок гражданина появится соответствующая отметка (Войнович 1). The polling places do...have booths with blinds that can be closed for casting a "secret" ballot....But the very fact of entering the booth will be noted in the dossier of the citizen committing that "antisocial" act (1a).
    Основное обвинение отец решительно отверг, но то, что он не сгрёб Лёву за шиворот и не вышвырнул тут же из кабинета, само по себе было очень примечательно (Битов 2). Father emphatically rejected the main accusation, but the mere fact that he didn't scoop Lyova up by the scruff of the neck and fling him right out of the study was very noteworthy (2a).
    2. расти, жить и т. п. -
    adv
    (of a child) (to grow up) without receiving any attention, care, guidance etc from one's parents or guardians, (of an adult) (to live) having little or no contact with the person or people with whom one lives
    on one's own
    (in limited contexts) live one's own life.
    Родители были всегда заняты, и мальчик фактически рос сам по себе. The boy's parents were always busy, so actually he grew up on his own.
    У них с отцом (у Андрея с отцом) не существовало каких-то особых отношений - ни плохих, ни хороших, каждый... жил сам по себе (Распутин 2). Не (Andrei) and his father had no special relationship-it wasn't bad, it wasn't good, each lived his own life (2a).
    3. бытье, существовать, жить и т. п. - ( subj-compl with copula (subj: human, abstr, or concr) or adv
    when used with two subjects, the idiom is repeated with each of them
    often used in two clauses connected by contrastive Conj «a») some thing (phenom- Дойдя на Севере до Архангельска... (куриный) мор остановился сам собой по той причине, что идти ему дальше было некуда, - в Белом море куры, как известно, не водятся (Булгаков 10). Having reached Archangel...in the North, the (chicken) plague stopped by itself, for the reason that there was nowhere for it to go-as everybody knows, there are no hens in the White Sea (10b).
    Про кампанию оппозиции забудут, и она задохнется сама собой (Зиновьев 1). The campaign for protest will be forgotten and it'll wither away on its own" (1a).
    Князь Андрей, точно так же как и все люди полка, нахмуренный и бледный, ходил взад и вперёд по лугу... Делать и приказывать ему нечего было. Всё делалось само собою. Убитых оттаскивали за фронт, раненых относили, ряды смыкались (Толстой 6). Prince Andrei, pale and depressed like everyone else in the regiment, paced up and down from one border to another on the meadow...There were no orders to be given, nothing for him to do. Everything happened of itself. The dead were dragged back from the front, the wounded carried away, and again the ranks closed up (5a).
    Мнили, что во время этой гульбы хлеб вырастет сам собой, и потому перестали возделывать поля (Салтыков-Щедрин 1). They imagined that while this gaiety was going on, the corn would grow of its own accord, and they gave up tilling the fields (1b).
    Нож», — крикнул Филипп Филиппович. Нож вскочил ему в руки как бы сам собой... (Булгаков 11). "Knife," cried Philip Philippovich. The knife leaped into his hands as of its own volition... (1 la).
    О его сборничке так никто и не написал, - он почему-то полагал, что это само собою сделается, и даже не потрудился разослать редакциям... (Набоков 1). His book of poems did not get any reviews after all (somehow he had assumed it would happen automatically and had not even taken the trouble of sending out review copies...) (1a).
    2. \С-6 додумался до чего, добился чего и т. п. obsoles (one came up with an idea or solution, achieved sth. etc) independently, without anyone's help: (all) by o.s. (Городничий:) О, я знаю вас: вы если начнёте говорить о сотворении мира, просто волосы дыбом поднимаются. (Ам-мос Фёдорович:) Да ведь сам собою дошёл... (Гоголь 4). (Mayor:) Oh I know you. When you start spouting your crazy theories of the Creation, it's enough to make a man's hair stand on end. (A.E:) But I arrived at it all by myself... (4f). enon etc) is separate from, exists separately from a connected thing (phenomenon etc)
    some person (or group) lives, works etc individually, apart from some other person (or group): (all) by o.s. (itself) on one's (its) own independently (of s.o. sth.) (of things, phenomena etc only) (be) a separate entity (separate entities)
    (when both subjects are specified) X сам по себе, a Y сам по себе = (of people) X went X's way and Y went Y's
    (of things) X is one thing and Y is another.
    (Липочка:) Так смотрите же, Лазарь Елизарыч, мы будем жить сами по себе, а они (тятенька и маменька) сами по себе (Островский 10). (L.:) Then, look here, Lazar Elizarych, we'll live by ourselves, and they'll (mama and daddy will) live by themselves (10a).
    ...Он (Лёва) ещё не может знать, не подозревает о существовании этих фактов, но эти факты тем не менее существуют сами по себе и существуют некоторым образом в его незнании (Битов 2)....He (Lyova) cannot yet know about and does not suspect the existence of these facts, yet the facts nevertheless exist independently and also exist, after a fashion, in his ignorance (2a).
    Ты, Илья Никанорыч, не подумай чего, наше дело -сторона, мы люди маленькие... Ванька сам по себе, а я сам по себе, у меня к евонным ( ungrammat — его) затеям никакого касательства» (Максимов 1). "Ilya Nikanorych, please don't get the wrong idea. We're not mixed up in this, we're just simple people!... Vanka went his way and I went mine. I had nothing to do with what he was up to" (1a).
    Жизнь у него (Обломова) была сама по себе, а наука сама по себе (Гончаров 1). For him (Oblomov) life was one thing and learning another (1b).
    ...У вас на заводе работает инженер с высшим образованием и имеет в своём подчинении 10-12 чел. Он может приказать им что-нибудь только по работе, а после работы или во время выходного дня они ему уже не подчиняются и могут делать, что хотят, как говорится, ты сам по себе, а я сам по себе» (Войнович 2). ( context transl) "...At the factory you have an engineer with a higher education, with some ten to twelve men under him. He can order them to do anything at work, but after work or on their days off they're not subordinate to him any more and they can do whatever they want-as the saying goes, you're your own boss and I'm mine" (2a).
    4. действовать, происходить и т. п. -
    adv
    (of a person) (to act) on one's own initiative, not influenced by anyone's suggestions, without outside interference
    (of a thing, event etc) (to happen, proceed etc) without any outside influence or interference: (all) by o.s. (itself) of one's (its) own accord of one's (its) own volition on one's (its) own.
    «Да где ж это видано, чтобы народ сам по себе собирался без всякого контроля со стороны руководства?» (Войнович 2). "Who ever heard of people assembling all by themselves, without any control on the part of the leadership?" (2a).
    Привычные словосочетания притупляли ощущение горя, уводили сознание в сторону, и вскоре язык Килина болтал уже что-то сам по себе, как отдельный и независимый член организма (Войнович 2). The familiar word patterns dulled his sense of grief, distracted his mind, and soon Kilin's tongue was babbling away all by itself, like a separate and independent part of his body (2a).
    Глаза были похожи на два неестественно голубых, светящихся шарика, подвешенных в воздухе над рулём пустой машины, которая идёт без водителя, сама по себе (Евтушенко 1). They were like two unnaturally blue shiny balloons, suspended in mid-air over the steering wheel of an empty car, which moved along of its own accord without a driver (1a).
    ...Ему надо только придумать первую фразу, а там дальше дело пойдёт само по себе (Войнович 6). ( context transl) Не had only to put together the first sentence, and after that the book would write itself (6a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > С-6

  • 5 сам по себе

    [AdjP; fixed WO]
    =====
    1. [usu. modif]
    ⇒ (of a person, thing, phenomenon etc) considered as a separate entity, with a focus on his or its intrinsic qualities, apart from related circumstances, events etc:
    - in (and of) oneself < itself>;
    - [in limited contexts] in one's < its> own right;
    - [when it modifies a deverbal noun or a clause] the very fact of (doing sth.);
    - the mere fact that...
         ♦ Мне было неловко видеть её [бабушки] печаль при свидании с нами; я сознавал, что мы сами по себе ничто в её глазах, что мы ей дороги только как воспоминание... (Толстой 2). I was embarrassed to see her [Grandmother's] sorrow at the sight of us; I realized that in ourselves we were nothing in her eyes, that we were dear to her only as a reminder... (2b).
         ♦ "Сама по себе затея написать книжку о выдающемся деятеле шестидесятых годов ничего предосудительного в себе не содержит" (Набоков 1). "In itself the idea of writing a book about an outstanding public figure of the sixties contains nothing reprehensible" (1a).
         ♦ Для Анны Николаевны пролетарская этика была священна сама по себе... (Богданов 1). То Anna Nikolaevna, proletarian ethics were sacred in and of themselves... (1a).
         ♦ В конце концов я узнал, что Иванько Сергей Сергеевич, 1925 года рождения: а) родственник бывшего председателя КГБ Семичастного; б) ближайший друг бывшего представителя СССР в Организации Объединённых Наций... Николая Т. Федоренко; в) сам по себе тоже большая шишка (Войнович 3). In the end, I learned that Ivanko, Sergei Sergeevich, born 1925, was: a. A relative of the former director of the KGB, Semichastny. b. A close friend of Nikolai T. Fedorenko, the former Soviet representative to the United Nations... c. A big shot in his own right (3a).
         ♦ На избирательных участках стоят, правда, задёрнутые шторами кабинки для "тайного" голосования... но даже сам по себе заход в эту кабинку будет кем-нибудь отмечен, и в досье совершившего этот "антиобщественный" поступок гражданина появится соответствующая отметка (Войнович 1). The polling places do...have booths with blinds that can be closed for casting a "secret" ballot....But the very fact of entering the booth will be noted in the dossier of the citizen committing that "antisocial" act (1a).
         ♦ Основное обвинение отец решительно отверг, но то, что он не сгрёб Лёву за шиворот и не вышвырнул тут же из кабинета, само по себе было очень примечательно (Битов 2). Father emphatically rejected the main accusation, but the mere fact that he didn't scoop Lyova up by the scruff of the neck and fling him right out of the study was very noteworthy (2a).
    2. расти, жить и т.п. сам по себе [adv]
    ⇒ (of a child) (to grow up) without receiving any attention, care, guidance etc from one's parents or guardians, (of an adult) (to live) having little or no contact with the person or people with whom one lives:
    - [in limited contexts] live one's own life.
         ♦ Родители были всегда заняты, и мальчик фактически рос сам по себе. The boy's parents were always busy, so actually he grew up on his own.
         ♦ У них с отцом [у Андрея с отцом] не существовало каких-то особых отношений - ни плохих, ни хороших, каждый... жил сам по себе (Распутин 2). Не [Andrei] and his father had no special relationship-it wasn't bad, it wasn't good, each lived his own life (2a).
    3. быть, существовать, жить и т.п. сам по себе [subj-compl with copula (subj: human, abstr, or concr) or adv; when used with two subjects, the idiom is repeated with each of them; often used in two clauses connected by contrastive Conj " а"]
    ⇒ some thing (phenomenon etc) is separate from, exists separately from a connected thing (phenomenon etc); some person (or group) lives, works etc individually, apart from some other person (or group):
    - (all) by o.s. < itself>;
    - on one's < its> own;
    - independently (of s.o. < sth.>);
    - [of things, phenomena etc only] (be) a separate entity (separate entities);
    || [when both subjects are specified] X сам по себе, a Y сам по себе≈ [of people] X went X's way and Y went Y's;
    - [of things] X is one thing and Y is another.
         ♦ [Липочка:] Так смотрите же, Лазарь Елизарыч, мы будем жить сами по себе, а они [тятенька и маменька] сами по себе (Островский 10). [L.:] Then, look here, Lazar Elizarych, we'll live by ourselves, and they'll [mama and daddy will] live by themselves (10a).
         ♦...Он [Лёва] ещё не может знать, не подозревает о существовании этих фактов, но эти факты тем не менее существуют сами по себе и существуют некоторым образом в его незнании (Битов 2).... Не [Lyova] cannot yet know about and does not suspect the existence of these facts, yet the facts nevertheless exist independently and also exist, after a fashion, in his ignorance (2a).
         ♦ "Ты, Илья Никанорыч, не подумай чего, наше дело - сторона, мы люди маленькие... Ванька сам по себе, а я сам по себе, у меня к евонным [ungrammat = его] затеям никакого касательства" (Максимов 1). "Ilya Nikanorych, please don't get the wrong idea. We're not mixed up in this, we're just simple people!... Vanka went his way and I went mine. I had nothing to do with what he was up to" (1a).
         ♦ Жизнь у него [Обломова] была сама по себе, а наука сама по себе (Гончаров 1). For him [Oblomov] life was one thing and learning another (1b).
         ♦ "...У вас на заводе работает инженер с высшим образованием и имеет в своём подчинении 10-12 чел. Он может приказать им что-нибудь только по работе, а после работы или во время выходного дня они ему уже не подчиняются и могут делать, что хотят, как говорится, ты сам по себе, а я сам по себе" (Войнович 2). [context transl] "...At the factory you have an engineer with a higher education, with some ten to twelve men under him. He can order them to do anything at work, but after work or on their days off they're not subordinate to him any more and they can do whatever they want-as the saying goes, you're your own boss and I'm mine" (2a).
    4. действовать, происходить и т.п. сам по себе [adv]
    ⇒ (of a person) (to act) on one's own initiative, not influenced by anyone's suggestions, without outside interference; (of a thing, event etc) (to happen, proceed etc) without any outside influence or interference:
    - (all) by o.s. (itself);
    - on one's (its) own.
         ♦ "Да где ж это видано, чтобы народ сам по себе собирался без всякого контроля со стороны руководства?" (Войнович 2). "Who ever heard of people assembling all by themselves, without any control on the part of the leadership?" (2a).
         ♦ Привычные словосочетания притупляли ощущение горя, уводили сознание в сторону, и вскоре язык Килина болтал уже что-то сам по себе, как отдельный и независимый член организма (Войнович 2). The familiar word patterns dulled his sense of grief, distracted his mind, and soon Kilin's tongue was babbling away all by itself, like a separate and independent part of his body (2a).
         ♦ Глаза были похожи на два неестественно голубых, светящихся шарика, подвешенных в воздухе над рулём пустой машины, которая идёт без водителя, сама по себе (Евтушенко 1). They were like two unnaturally blue shiny balloons, suspended in mid-air over the steering wheel of an empty car, which moved along of its own accord without a driver (1a).
         ♦...Ему надо только придумать первую фразу, а там дальше дело пойдёт само по себе (Войнович 6). [context transl] He had only to put together the first sentence, and after that the book would write itself (6a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > сам по себе

  • 6 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

  • 7 Virtual Machine

       wo programs can be thought of as strongly equivalent or as different realizations of the same algorithm or the same cognitive process if they can be represented by the same program in some theoretically specified virtual machine. A simple way of stating this is to say that we individuate cognitive processes in terms of their expression in the canonical language of this virtual machine. The formal structure of the virtual machine-or what I call its functional architecture-thus represents the theoretical definition of, for example, the right level of specificity (or level of aggregation) at which to view mental processes, the sort of functional resources the brain makes available-what operations are primitive, how memory is organized and accessed, what sequences are allowed, what limitations exist on the passing of arguments and on the capacities of various buffers, and so on. (Pylyshyn, 1984, p. 92)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Virtual Machine

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